A Historical Judgment by London Court: Pakistan Cricketers jailed for Betting Scam

World's top 3 cricketers have been jailed by Judge Justice Cooke for their betting scam. London court took historical decision for Pakistan Cricketers.

The judge, Mr. Justice Cooke said, "The image and integrity of what was once a game but is now a business is damaged in the eyes of all."

Two years and eight months imprisonment : Bookie Mazhar Majeed for his role in the fixing.


Two years and six months imprisonment : Former Pakistan Test cricket captain Salman Butt.


One year jailed : Former world number two Test bowler Mohammad Asif for his involvement.


Six months sentenced : Mohammed Amir.


Mohammed Amir bowled one of the pre-planned no-ball, during Pakistan played England at Lord's in August 2010.

Justice Cooke said future cricket matches would forever be tainted by the fixing scandal. "What ought to be honest sporting competition may not be such at all," he said.

Pakistani Players Match Fixing Scandal Video

Miss Earth 2011 venue changes : Now in Manila-Philippines

Miss Earth 2011 venue changes : Now in Manila-Philippines

Miss Earth 2011 beauty pageant venue changes at Manila, Philippines on 3rd December, 2011. It was originally scheduled to be held at the Impact, Muang Thong Thani, Bangkok, Thailand. However the pageant organizers decided to move the pageant back to the Philippines due to the Massive flooding in Thailand.

The Nobel Peace Prize Winner 2011: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee & Tawakkul Karman

The Nobel Peace Prize 2011 has been announced on Friday, 7 October 2011 by Jagland, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, in three equal parts between two Liberian and one Yemeni woman who have campaigned for peace and democracy in Liberia and Yemen.

Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Liberian peace activist Leymah Gbowee and Tawakkul Karman of Yemen has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize 2011 jointly "for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work".

The Nobel Peace Prize Winners 2011:

Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (24th President of Liberia):

NAME	Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
BORN	October 29, 1938 (Monrovia, Liberia)
AGE	72 years
NATIONALITY	Liberian
EXPERTISE	Economist Businessperson & Activist
RELIGION	Methodism
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND
	a degree in accounting from Madison Business College, Madison, Wisconsin
	a degree in economics from University of Colorado, Boulder
	studied economics & public policy from Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government (1969-1971)
	a degree in Master of Public Administration
POLITICAL PARTY	Unity Party
ROLE	President of Liberia
POLOTICAL CAREER	(1985) General Election
	(1997) Presidential Campaign
	(2005) Presidential Campaign
	(2011) Presidential Campaign
AWARDS & HONORS	Recipient of the 1988 Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute Freedom of Speech Award
	Ralph Bunche International Leadership Award
	Grand commander Star of Africa Redemption of Liberia
	Commandeur de l'Ordre du Togo
	(2006) Common Ground Award recipient (Search for Common Ground)
	(2006) Laureate of the Africa Prize for Leadership for the Sustainable End of Hunger (The Hunger Project)
	(2006) Distinguished Fellow, Claus M. Halle Institute for Global Learning, Emory University
	(2006) Awarded Honorary Doctor of Laws from Marquette University
	(2006) David Rockefeller Bridging Leadership Award from Synergos
	(2007) Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award given by the United States, awarded to Sirleaf by U.S. President George W. Bush on 5 November 2007
	(2008) Awarded Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Indiana University
	(2008) Awarded Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Brown University
	(2009) awarded the EITI Award for "the rapid progress the country has made towards implementation of the EITI"
	(2009) Awarded Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Tampa
	(2010) Awarded Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Yale University
	(2010) Awarded Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
	(2010) Friend of the Media in Africa Award from the African Editor's Union
	(2011) Awarded Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Harvard University
	(2011) African Gender Award
	(2011) Nobel Peace Prize
PRIZE MOTIVATION	"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work"

Leymah Gbowee (Peace activist)

NAME	Leymah Gbowee
BORN	1972 (Central Liberia)
AGE	39 years
NATIONALITY	Liberian
ROLE	the executive director of the Women Peace and Security Network Africa, based in Accram Ghana
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND
	a degree in Master of Arts in Conflict Transformation from Eastern Mennonite University in Harrisonburg, Virginia
	Conflict Prevention and Peace-building Training at the United Nations Institute for Training
	the Healing Victims of War Trauma Center in Cameroon and Non-Violent Peace Education in Liberia
WORKS	Mighty Be Our Powers: How Sisterhood, Prayer and Sex Changed a Nation at War (September 13, 2011)
AWARDS & HONORS	(2007) Blue Ribbon for Peace from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University
	Recipient of the Women's eNews 2008 Leaders for the 21st Century Award
	(2009) Gruber Prize for Women's Rights
	(2009) John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award
	(2010) Living Legends Award for Service to Humanity
	(2010) John Jay Medal for Justice from the John Jay College of Criminal Justice
	(2010) Joli Humanitarian Award from Riverdale Country School
	(2011) Villanova Peace Award from Villanova University
	(2011) Nobel Peace Prize
PRIZE MOTIVATION	"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work"

Tawakkul Karman

NAME	Tawakkul Karman
BORN	7 February 1979 (Taiz, Yemen)
AGE	32 years
NATIONALITY	Yemeni
EXPERTISE	Journalist, politician & human right activist
RELIGION	Islam
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND	a degree in Political Science from the University of Sana'a
POLITICAL PARTY	Al-Islah
ROLE	as a Yemeni Journalist & an advocate for a mobile phone news service in 2007, after which she led protests for press freedom. She has been called by Yemenis the "Iron Woman" and "Mother of the Revolution"
AWARDS & HONORS	(2011) Nobel Peace Prize
PRIZE MOTIVATION	"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work"

Credit & Sources: nobelprize.org & wikipedia Thanks to all

The Nobel Prize Winner in Physiology or Medicine 2011: Bruce A. Beutler, Jules A. Hoffmann & Ralph M. Steinman

The Nobel Assembly has announced to award the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011 with one half jointly to Bruce A. Beutler at the Scripps Research Institute in California and Jules A. Hoffmann at the French National Center for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity and the other half to Ralph M. Steinman at the Rockefeller University in New York City for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity on October 3, 2011 at Karolinska Institute.

The Nobel Prize Winners in Physiology or Medicine 2011

Bruce A. Beutler

NAME	Bruce Alan Beutler
BORN	December 29, 1957 (Chicago, IL, USA)
AGE	53 years
NATIONALITY	American
PARENTS	Emest Beutler (geneticist) and Brondelle May Fleisher (journalist)
BETTER HALF	Barbara Beutler (divorced)
CHILDREN	Daniel, Eliot and Jonathan
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND	B.A., University of California, San Diego, 1976
	M.D., Medicine, the University of Chicago, 1981
EXPERTISE	Immunology
IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC ACCOMPLISHMENTS	the isolation of mouse tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and discovery of its inflammatory properties.
	the invention of recombinant inhibitors for TNF, now widely used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
	the discovery of the receptor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which revealed how mammals sense infection and how certain inflammatory diseases begin.
AWARDS & HONORS	(1994) Outstanding Investigator Award (American Federation for Clinical Research,USA)
	(2004) Robert Koch Prize (Robert Koch Stiftung, Germany)
	(2006) William B. Coley Award (Cancer Research Institute, USA)
	(2006) Gran Prix Charles-Leopold-Mayer (Académie des Sciences, France)
	(2007) Balzan Prize (International Balzan Foundation, Italy and Switzerland)
	(2007) Doctor of Medicine honoris causa from the Technical University of Munich
	(2007) Frederik B. Bang Award (International Endotoxin and Innate Immunity Society)
	(2008) National Academy of Sciences
	(2009) Albany Medical Center Prize
	(2011) Shaw Prize
	the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011
AFFILIATION	the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
	University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA
PRIZE MOTIVATION	"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"

Jules A. Hoffmann

NAME	Jules A. Hoffmann
BORN	August 2, 1941 (Echternach, Luxembourg)
AGE	70 years
NATIONALITY	French
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND	undergraduate degrees in Biology and Chemistry at the University of Strasbourg, France.
	Ph.D. in Biology at the University of Strasbourg in 1969
	post-doctoral training at the Institute for Physiologische Chemie at Philipps Universitat in Marburg an der Lahn, Germany in 1973-1974.
EXPERTISE	Biology
AWARDS & HONORS	(2003) Cancer Research Institute William B. Coley Award
	(2004) Robert Koch Prize
	(2007) Balzan Prize together with Bruce A. Beutler for Innate Immunity
	(2010) Lewis S. Rosenstiel Award (shared with Ruslan M. Medzhitov)
	(2010) Keio Medical Science Prize
	(2011) Gairdner Foundation International Award (shared with Shizuo Akira
	(2011) Shaw Prize (shared with Bruce A. Beutler and Ruslan M. Medzhitov
	(2011) CNRS Gold Medal
	the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011
AFFILIATION	CNRS
PRIZE MOTIVATION	"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"

Ralph M. Steinman

NAME	Ralph Marvin Steinman
BORN	January 14, 1943 (Montreal, Quebec, Canada)
DIED	September 30, 2011
AGE	68 years
NATIONALITY	Canadian
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND	B.Sc. degree from McGill University in 1963
	M.D.(magna cum laude) from Harvard Medical School in 1968
EXPERTISE	Immunology and Cell Biology
AWARDS & HONORS	(1998) William B. Coley Award
	(1999) Robert Koch Prize
	(2003) Gairdner Foundation International Award
	(2007) Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
	(2009) Albany Medical Center Prize (shared with Charles A. Dinarello and Bruce Beutler)
	the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011
AFFILIATION	Rockefeller University, New York, USA
PRIZE MOTIVATION	"for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity"

Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt & Adam G. Riess: The Nobel Prize Winner in Physics 2011

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has declared to honour the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2011 with one half to American scientist Saul Perlmutter (The Supernova Cosmology Project) and the other half jointly to US-Australian citizen Brian P. Schmidt (The High-z Supernova Search Team) and US born Adam G. Riess (The High-z Supernova Search Team) for "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae."

The Nobel Prize Winners in Physics 2011

Saul Perlmutter

NAME	Saul Perlmutter
BORN	1959 (Stockholm)
AGE	51-52 years
NATIONALITY	American
TWO SISTERS	Shira Perlmutter (a lawyer) and Tova Perlmutter (a nonprofit executive)
BETTER HALF	Laura Nelson (an anthropologist)
CHILDREN	Noa (one daughter)
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND	graduated with an AB in Physics from Harvard in 1981
	Ph.D. in Physics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1986
EXPERTISE	Physics
AWARDS & HONORS	(2002) the Department of Energy's E. O. Lawrence Award
	(2003) the California Scientist of the Year Award
	(2005) the John Scott Award and the Padua Prize
	(2006) the Shaw Prize in Astronomy shared with Adam Riess and Brian P. Schmidt
	(2006) the Antonio Feltrinelli International Prize
	(2007) the Gruber Cosmology Prize shared with Schmidt and the High-Z Team
	(2011) the Nobel Prize in Physics
AFFILIATION	Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
	University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
PRIZE MOTIVATION	"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"

Brian P. Schmidt

NAME	Brian P. Schmidt
BORN	February 24, 1967 (Missoula, MT, USA
AGE	44 years
NATIONALITY	American & Australian
BETTER HALF	Jennifer M. Gordon (Ph.D. student in economics)
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND	BS (Physics) and BS (Astronomy) from the University of Arizona in 1989
	M.A (Astronomy) from Harvard University in 1992
	Ph.D. from the University of Harvard in 1993
EXPERTISE	Physics
AWARDS & HONORS	(2000) the Australian Government's inaugural Malcolm Mcintosh award for achievement in the Physical Sciences
	(2001) The Australian Academy of Sciences Pawsey Medal
	2002) the Astronomical Society of India's Vainu Bappu Medal
	(2005) an Australian Research Council Federation Fellowship
	(2006) jointly awarded the US $ 1M Shaw Prize for Astronomy
	(2007) the Gruber Prize for Cosmology with his High-z SN Search Team colleagues
	(2008) elected a fellow of the Australian Academy of Sciences, a fellow of the United States National Academy and Foreign Member of the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences
	(2011) the Nobel Prize in Physics
AFFILIATION	Australian National University, Weston Creek, Australia
PRIZE MOTIVATION	"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"
SIGNATURE

Adam G. Riess

NAME	Adam G. Riess
BORN	December 1969 (Washington D.C.)
AGE	41 years
NATIONALITY	American
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND	graduated from The Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1992
	Ph.D. from the Harvard University in 1996
EXPERTISE	Physics
CONTRIBUTION	Accelerating Universe-Dark Energy
AWARDS & HONORS	(1999) the Astronomical Society of the Pacific's Trumpler Award
	(2001) the Bok Prize from Harvard University
	(2003) the American Astronomical Society's Helen B. Warner Prize
	(2004) the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize for the discovery of cosmic acceleration
	(2006) jointly awarded the US $ 1M Shaw Prize for Astronomy
	(2007) the Gruber Prize for Cosmology with his High-z SN Search Team colleagues
	(2008) the winner of MacArthur "Genius" Grant
	(2009) elected to the National Academy of Sciences
	(2011) the Nobel Prize in Physics
AFFILIATION	Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
	Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
PRIZE MOTIVATION	"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"

Credit & Sources: nobelprize.org, wikipedia Thanks to all

Tomas Transtromer: The Nobel Prize Winner in Literature 2011

One of the Sweden's most important poets, Tomas Transtromer has been awarded the Nobel Prizes in Literature 2011 for "because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality" announced by Professor Peter Englund, Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy, on 6 October, 2011.

Tomas Transtromer has sold thousands of volumes in his native country and his work has been translated into more than fifty languages.

The Nobel Prize Winner in Literature 2011

Tomas Transtromer

NAME	Tomas Transtromer
BORN	15 April, 1931 (Stockholm)
AGE	80 years
NATIONALITY	Swedish
BETTER HALF	Monika Bladh
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND	Secondary education at the Sodra Latin School in Stockholm
	Graduating as a Psychologist at Stockholm University in 1956 with additional studies history, religion and literature.
EXPERTISE	Literature (Poetry)
BOOKS	(1954) Seventeen Poems
	(1962) The Half-finished Sky
	(1972) Windows and Stones
	(1973) Paths
	(1974) Baltics
	(1995) For the Living and the Dead
	(1997) New Collected Poems
	(2001) the Half-Finished Heaven
	(2003, New Directions) the Great Enigma: New Collected Poems
	(2010, Green Integer) the Sorrow Gondola
	(2011, Bloodaxe Books) New Collected Poems
AWARDS & HONORS	the Aftonbladets Literary Prize
	the Bonnier Award for Poetry
	the Oevralids Prize
	(1962) the Swedish Award from International Poetry Forum (Sweden)
	(1966) Bellmanpriset (Sweden)
	(1981) the Petrach Prize (Germany)
	(1990) the Neustadt International Prize for Literature (US)
	(1991) Nordic Prize of the Swedish Academy (Sweden)
	(1992) Horst Bienek Prize for Poetry (Sweden)
	(1996) Augustpriset (Sweden)
	(2003) Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath (Macedonia)
	(2007) the Griffin Trust, Lifetime Recognition Award (Griffin Poetry Prize)(Canada)
	(2011) Title of Professor granted by the Cabinet of Sweden (Sweden)
	(2011) the Nobel Prize in Literature 2011 (Sweden)
PRIZE MOTIVATION	"because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality"

Dan Shechtman: The Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry 2011

Dan Shechtman Professor of Materials Science has been awarded the Nobel Prizes in Chemistry 2011 for the discovery of quasicrystals.


Dan is an Ames Laboratory associate scientist, an Lowa State professor of materials science and engineering and the Philip Tobias Professor of Materials Science at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology. He is currently at the Technion in Haifa, Israel.

Shechtman said, "A good scientist is a humble and listening scientist and not one that is sure 100 percent in what he read in the textbooks."

Quasicrystals are substances whose molecular structure is ordered in a form similar to crystals but is not periodic. Such materials can naturally form into geometrical solids just as crystals can, but the solids formed from crystals are always shapes that can tessellate space, such as a cube. Quasicrystals on the other hand can form shapes such as a dodecahedron.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry:

Daniel Schechtman:

NAME	Daniel Schechtman
BORN	January 24, 1941
AGE	70 years
NATIONALITY	Israel
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND	B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering from Technion in 1966
	M.Sc. in Materials Engineering from Technion in 1968
	Ph.D. in Materials Engineering from the Technion in 1972
EXPERTISE	Materials Science
AFFILIATION	Technion: Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
CONTRIBUTION	Microstructure and mechanical properties of titanium aluminides.
	Microstructure and properties of rapidly solidified metallic alloys.
	The discovery of the Icosahedral Phase, the first quasi-periodic phase, its crystallography and some of its properties.
	Nucleation and growth of CVD diamond films.
	Development of new magnesium alloys.
AWARDS	(1986 )Physics Award of the Friedenberg Fund for the Advancement of Science and Education
	(1988) International Award for New Materials of the American Physical Society
	(1988) New England Academic Award of the Technion
	(1990) Rothschild Prize in Engineering
	(1993) Weizmann Science Award
	(1998) Israel Prize in Physics
	(1999) Wolf Prize in Physics
	(2000) Gregori Aminoff Prize of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
	(2000) Muriel & David Jacknow Technion Award for Excellence in Teaching
	(2002) EMET Prize in Chemistry
	(2008) European Materials Research Society (E-MRS) 25th Anniversary Award
	Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2011
HONORS	(1996) Elected member of the Israel Academy of Sciences.
	(1997) Elected Honorary Member of MRSI (Materials Research Society of India)
	(1998) Elected Honorary Member of the Israel Society for Microscopy
	(1998) Elected Honorary Member of ISIS-Symmetry (International Society for Interdisciplinary sciences)
	(1999) Elected Honorary Member of the Israel Crystallographic Association
	(2000) Elected Honorary Member of the French Physical Society
	(2000) Elected member of the American National Academy of Engineering
	(2004) Elected member of the European Academy of Sciences
	(2005) Elected Honorary Member of the Japan Institute of Metals
PRIZE MOTIVATION	"for the discovery of quasicrystals"
Email	dannys@tx.technion.ac.il

Credit & Sources: Materials Engineering,nobelprize.org,wikipedia Thanks to all.

Thomas Sargent and Christopher Sims: The Nobel Prize Winner in Economic Sciences

The Nobel Prize 2011 Winner: Thomas Sargent and Christopher Sims: The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences

The Nobel Prize is a Sweden award for achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and for peace. It was established by Alfred Nobel and administered by the Noble Foundation in Stockholm, Sweden. In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank established The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize.

Prizes are awarded every year in five categories since 1901. Each prize consists of a medal, personal diploma and a cash award. In 2011, each prize was worth 1.45 million US $. A prize may not be shared among more than three people.The Nobel Prize amount for 2011 is set at Swedish kronor (SEK) 10 million per full Nobel Prize.

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences:

Americans Thomas Sargent and Christopher Sims was awarded jointly for the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economics Sciences in Memory of Alfred Bobel for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macro economy.

Thomas J. Sargent:

NAME	Thomas J. Sargent
BORN	July 19, 1943
AGE	68 years
NATIONALITY	American
EXPERTISE	Macroeconomics, Monetary Economics, Time Series Economics
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND
	Ph.D from Harvard University in 1968
	B.A. from California University in 1964 at Berkeley
	a First Lieutenant and Captain in the U.S. Army
AFFILIATION	Hoover Institution on War Revolution & Peace Stanford University (Stanford, California)
	National Bureau of Economics Research (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
	Department of Economics New York University (New York)
BOOKS	Rational Expectations and Econometric Practice (with Robert E. Lucas Jr., University of Minnesota Press, 1981)
	The Big Problem of Small Change (with Francois Velde, Princeton University Press, 2002)
	Recursive Macroeconomic Theory (with Lars Ljungqvist, MIT Press, 2004)
	Robustness (with Lars Peter Hansen, Princeton University Press, 2008)
AWARDS & HONORS	University Medalist as Most Distinguished Scholar in Class of 1964, University of California-Berkeley
	(1976) Fellow of Econometrics Society
	(1979) Mary Elizabeth Morgan Prize for Excellence in Economics, awarded by University of Chicago
	(1983 April) Fellow of National Academy of Sciences
	(1983 May) Fellow of American Academy of Arts and Sciences
	(1996-97) Erwin Plein Nemmers Prize in Economics from Northwestern University
	(2003) honorary doctorate, Stockholm School of Economics
	(2008) honorary doctorate in economics, European University Institute
	(2011) Corresponding Fellow, British Academy
	(2011) National Academy of Sciences Award for Scientific Reviewing
	(2011) CME Group-MSRI Prize in Innovative Quantitative Applications
	Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 2011
PRIZE MOTIVATION	"for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macro economy"
Email	thomas.sargent@nyu.edu
POSTAL ADDRESS	Thomas Sargent Hoover Institution, Stanford, California-94305
PHONE	650 723 0965

Christopher Sims:

NAME	Christopher Albert "Chris" Sims
BORN	October 21, 1942
AGE	68 years
NATIONALITY	American
EXPERTISE	Macroeconomics, Econometrics
CONTRIBUTION	Vector Auto regression
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND	Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1968
AFFILIATION	Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
AWARDS & HONORS	American Academy of Arts and Sciences since 1988
	a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 1989
	the president of the Econometric Society in 1995
	He will be the President-Elect of the American Economic Association in 2011 and then the President of the American Economic Association in 2012.
	Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 2011
PRIZE MOTIVATION	"for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macro economy"

Credit & Sources: Google,nobelprize.org,wikipedia Thanks to all

Greatest Technology Contributor: Steven P. Jobs: Farewell to the World

On October 5, 2011, Steven P. Jobs passed away at his home after a long struggle with pancreatic cancer. He was just 56 years old. Jobs was one of the giants of the information age, and his influence will be felt for decades to come.

Steve's death was announced by Apple in a statement:
We are deeply saddened to announce that Steve Jobs passed away today. Steve's brilliance, passion and energy were the source of countless innovations that enrich and improve all of our lives. The world is immeasurably better because of Steve. His greatest love was for his wife, Laurene, and his family. Our hearts go out to them and to all who were touched by his extraordinary gifts."

Steve Jobs was born in San Francisco, California, U.S. February 24, 1955. One thing are finding surprising is that Steve was adopted by the family of Paul Jobs and Clara Jobs. Steve's biological parents met as 23 year old students at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, and his mother, Joanne Schieble, became pregnant in 1954. Steve's father was a Syrian Muslim Immigrant. At first, Schieble's father would not permit her to marry an Arab, so Schieble, without warning moved to San Francisco to have Jobs. She then put him up for adoption. Eventually, Schieble and Steve's father Addulfattah Jandali were married and had a second child, but they divorced when she was 4 years old.

The Apple chairman and former CEO, Steven P. Jobs was as American computer entrepreneur most famously known for the first iPhone, iPad, iPod and Mac. Jobs made personal computers, tablets, smart phones and digital animation mass-market products.


Steve attended Homestead High School in Cupertino in Cupertino, California. Following high school graduation in 1972, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Although he dropped out after only one semester. He has no formal schooling in engineering, yet he is listed as the inventor or co-inventor on more than 300 U.S. patents. Some of his greatest contributions to our increasingly tech-sawy and interconnected global society are Apple I(1976), Apple II(1977), Lisa(1983), Macintosh(1984), NeXT computer(1989), iMac(1998), iPod(2001), iTunes store(2003), iPhone(2007), and iPod(2010).

Apple i (1976)

Apple ii (1977)

Lisa (1983)

Macintosh (1984)

NeXT computer (1989)

iMac (1998)

iPod (2001)

ITunes store (2003)

Apple iPhone (2007)

iPad (2010)



STEVEN P. JOBS

NAME	:	Steven Paul Jobs
BIRTH DATE	:	24th February, 1955
AGE	:	56 years
RELATIVES	:	Mona Simpson (sister)
BETTER HALF	:	Laurence Powell Jobs (1991-2011, his death)
CHILDREN	:	4
HOME TOWN	:	San Francisco
COUNTRY	:	California
EDUCATION	:	Reed College (one semester in 1972)
OCCUPTIN	:	The Apple chairman and former CEO
ACTIVE	:	1974 TO 2011
NET WORTH	:	$7.0 billion (Sep. 2011)
DEATH	:	5th October, 2011 (Palo Alto, California)
SIGNATURE	:

Credit & Source: Thanks to Wikipedia

WHERE WILL HAVE REACHED THE GOLD PRICE?

               

               Gold is the most popular as an investment in all the precious metals. Investors generally buy gold as a hedge or harbor against economic, political, or social fiat currency crises. The gold market is subject to speculation as are other markets. During the current global financial crisis, suggest that gold behaves more like a currency than a commodity.

               The falling dollar has been pushing up the price of gold to new heights as also the political climate in the United States. Civil unrest in different parts of the world has also been a contributing factor to the meteoric rise of gold prices.

                Gold's strong start to the year continued in the second quarter of 2011 where total global gold demand measured 919.8 tones, worth US$44.5bn, with a broad-based support across all sectors and geographies. The two markets that stood out - once again - as major contributors to overall growth were India and China. These two markets accounted for 52% of global end-user investment and 55% of global jewellery demand. Year-on-year growth in total consumer demand was 38% in India and 25% in China, compared with a global growth rate of 7%. JewelLery demand of 442.5 tones was 6% higher year-on-year as a number of key markets posted solid growth. India, China and Turkey (which together account for over 50% of global jewellery demand) generated combined growth of 16% although this was countered by weakness in other markets, most notably those in the west. The US$ value measure of global gold jewellery demand grew by 34% year-on-year to reach US$21.4bn.  Gold is currently around 51% higher than it was a year. That seems like a really big move compared to the previous steady price rise over the last 10 years.

              The chart that follows covers every situation in the last ten years where the price of gold year over year is anywhere near as high as it currently is.

               Many analysts have forecast that gold prices will eventually hit $3,000 an ounce, after hitting a record $1,800/ounce last week; economic experts at Kansas State University have warned that it is only a matter of time before the bubble bursts. The huge federal deficit and a deteriorating economy have made many investors fearful of the US economy entering a period of stagnation, driving stock prices downward, said Lloyd Thomas, an economics professor at Kansas State University.

9th Nov 2010 A.M.	$1416.25
9th Nov 2010 P.M.	$1421.00
7th Dec 2010 A.M.	$1426.00
2nd March 2011 P.M.	$1435.50
7th March 2011 A.M.	$1437.00
7th March 2011 P.M.	$1437.50
23rd March 2011 P.M.	$1439.50
24th March 2011 A.M.	$1441.25
24th March 2011 A.M.	$1447.00
6th April 2011 A.M.	$1457.00
6th April 2011 P.M.	$1461.50
8th April 2011 A.M.	$1470.50
15th April 2011 A.M.	$1472.50
15th April 2011 P.M.	$1476.75
18th April 2011 A.M.	$1484.50
18th April 2011 P.M.	$1493.00
19th April 2011 A.M.	$1495.00
20th April 2011 A.M.	$1505.00
21st April 2011 A.M.	$1507.00
28th April 2011 P.M.	$1535.50
3rd May 2011 A.M.	$1546.50
22nd June 2011 P.M.	$1552.50
11th July 2011 P.M.	$1555.50
12th July 2011 P.M.	$1555.50
13th July 2011 A.M.	$1571.50
13th July 2011 P.M.	$1579.00
14th July 2011 A.M.	$1592.50
18th July 2011 A.M.	$1598.25
18th July 2011 P.M.	$1599.00
19th July 2011 A.M.	$1602.00
25th July 2011 A.M.	$1618.50
27th July 2011 A.M.	$1621.00
27th July 2011 P.M.	$1625.00
29th July 2011 P.M.	$1628.50
2nd August 2011 P.M.	$1637.75
3rd August 2011 A.M.	$1667.50
3rd August 2011 P.M.	$1669.25
4th August 2011 P.M.	$1679.50
8th August 2011 A.M.	$1709.75
9th August 2011 A.M.	$1770.00
10th August 2011 P.M.	$1772.00
11th August 2011 A.M.	$1786.00
17th August 2011 A.M.	$1792.00
18th August 2011 A.M.	$1794.50
18th August 2011 P.M.	$1824.00
19th August 2011 A.M.	$1862.00

                       The estimated major U.S. bank JP Morgan that the gold price will rise until the end of the year to $ 2,500 per troy ounce, or higher , followed by high volatility, the downgrading of the U.S. credit rating. “Before we have downgraded the price development at $ 1,800 per troy ounce appreciated.

There are main five factors which are affect gold price.

(1) The supply and demand factor is pivotal in determining the gold price. Many analysts argue there is            not enough gold being produced to satisfy rising demand. The above ground stock of gold is around 160,000 metric tons and grows about 2,400 tons a year, which is only 1.75 %, while demand keeps   expanding.

(2) The most popular reason to own gold is as a hedge against inflation. The theory is as paper currency loses value, gold will retain its purchasing power, making it a safe place to preserve one's wealth. Historically, gold has traded in opposition to the dollar. A stronger dollar makes dollar-backed commodities like gold more expensive to buy in other currencies, which weakens demand.

(3) Huge double-digit price movements in gold could mean that there are big buyers and sellers in the market like central banks. Central banks in general regard reserve allocation as an ongoing government policy. Although the governments consider fundamentals like dollar weakness and the sustainability of gold as money, they don’t trade gold; they buy it as an investment. They will buy gold when they feel ... gold reserves are too low when compared to its other holdings. Central banks tend to be price agnostic but are heavy buyers and sellers.

(4) Gold investing was reserved for gold bugs -- those who thought global wealth would be eradicated and gold would be the only currency left standing. However, as the financial crisis rocked global markets at the end of 2008, a trend started to develop of regular investors allocating a certain amount of their portfolio into gold. The recommended percentage is typically between 5%-20% depending on how aggressive the investor wants to be or just how much he/she needs to diversify against other assets. This shift was underscored by gold purchases from big name investors who had profited off of the subprime crisis by betting against mortgage-backed securities.

(5) Price manipulation is the most controversial theory that has circulated among gold bugs for 20 years. Some argue that gold prices have been illegally suppressed over the last two decades by central banks and governments. GATA or Gold Anti-Trust Action Committee is the biggest complainant. Central banks reportedly have 32,000 tons gold, with the International Monetary Fund accounting for2,800 tons. Under the Washington Agreement on Gold, its members can sell a maximum of 400 tons year, thereby restricting the amount of gold in the open market place.GATA argues that central banks in actuality have less than 15,000 tons of gold, and that the missing gold has been secretly sold or leased into the market to prevent gold prices from rising to their actual value.